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| | Detail-orientation, the big picture, look, touch, hear, read, perception of diagrams, texts, pictures, sound, smell... | | Detail-orientation, the big picture, look, touch, hear, read, perception of diagrams, texts, pictures, sound, smell... |
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| | + | Personality indicators, tests or models pretend to assess features or styles of a person in order to apply this knowledge for different purposes at a later stage. They build a model of key features/characteristics, assess these at concrete persons, and attach the identified characteristics a value. Such, they "translate" a personality into a data model. |
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| − | * Personality indicators like the [[Myers Briggs Type Indicator]] (MBTI) analyze and categorize people’s personalities through a series of questions. It is based on the work of psychologist Carl Gustav Jung, Katharine Cook Briggs, and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers. | + | * The "Big Five", "OCEAN" or [[NEO Personality Inventory]] is another popular example of such a test, widely applied in the digital transformation. |
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| | + | * We mentioned in Competendo also the [[Cognitive Style]], [[Time Management Styles]] or [[Management styles]] - models aiming to assess a certain aspect or style preferences in certain social roles, but not pretending to create a complete personality model. |
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| | + | ===How it works: Example MBTI=== |
| | + | The Myers Briggs Type Indicator MBTI is still one of the most popular personality instruments in use which allows us to describe this more concretely: The MBTI test measures answers to a standardised questionaire regarding four opposing qualities. Extraversion (e)-Intraversion (i), Sensing (s) - Intuition (n), Thinking (t)-Feeling(f), Judging (j)-Perceiving (p). |
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| | + | Simplified explained: '''Alina''' may be profiled as '''INFP''', which stands for '''i'''ntroversion, i'''n'''tuition, '''f'''eeling, '''p'''erception Every quality is represented by a letter. She seems to be an introverted intuitive team player who wants to involve everyone and prefers to take time making decisions rather than acting quickly. |
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| | + | '''Jon''' may be type '''ESTJ''', which stands for '''e'''xtraversion, '''s'''ensing, '''t'''hinking, '''j'''udgment. When he feels sad, he calls his best friends and meets up with them. It is easy for him to find logical solutions to nearly every problematic situation. But when stuck in team discussions, he becomes annoyed and impatient easily. |
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| − | * The "Big Five", "OCEAN" or [[NEO Personality Inventory]] is another popular example of such a test, widely applied in the digital transformation.
| + | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
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| − | The use of inventories is quite common, especially in the field of personal development. The MBTI is still one of the most popular personality instruments in use. It measures answers in terms of four opposing qualities that characterize a person. Every quality is represented by a letter. Alina may be profiled as INFP, which stands for ''i''ntroversion, i''n''tuition, ''f''eeling, ''p''erception. She is an introverted intuitive team player who wants to involve everyone and prefers to take time making decisions rather than acting quickly.
| + | ===How Personality Models are Used:=== |
| | + | One might draw different conclusions out of data generated by personality tests. |
| | + | * Gain information relevant for personal development or for therapy |
| | + | * Learn how different types and attitudes favor tension or harmony in a team or group |
| | + | * Distribute personalised content (personalised learning, online media or targeted advertisement) |
| | + | * Job application: (more and more automated) categorizing of job applicants in order to preselect those, fitting best to a job profile. In opposite: In order to build a resilient team one could search for diversity |
| | + | * Performance assessment and tailored work on specific competence dimensions (i. e. in leadership trainings) |
| | + | * ... |
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| − | Joana may be type ESTJ, which stands for ''e''xtraversion, ''s''ensing, ''t''hinking, ''j''udgment. When she feels sad, she calls her best friends and meets up with them. It is easy for her to find logical solutions to nearly every problematic situation. But when trying to find solutions in a team, she always becomes anxious and impatient.
| + | <hr class=boldline> |
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| − | These two types might not find themselves naturally in a common team. But it might also make sense for them to work together because of the ways their personalities complement one another. Inventories like the MBTI can increase our awareness of certain aspects of our behaviour. Like self-awareness and observation, they give us information about the importance of different attributes. Tests are based on experience with many people and make general statements that summarize statistical probabilities. Inventories are more useful for self-observation rather than exact description. They often lack precision or are ambiguous. <ref name=coffield>Franc Coffield, David Moseley, Elaine Hall, Kathryn Ecclestone: Learning and pedagogy in post 16 learning. A systematical and critical review. Learning and Skills Research Centre, London 2004</ref>
| + | ==Implications== |
| | + | Educators need to understand that these models are only indicators. Although several tests are based on experience with many people and make general statements that summarize statistical probabilities, they are simplified descriptions. They often lack precision or are ambiguous. <ref name=coffield>Franc Coffield, David Moseley, Elaine Hall, Kathryn Ecclestone: Learning and pedagogy in post 16 learning. A systematical and critical review. Learning and Skills Research Centre, London 2004</ref> |
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| − | ==Empathy for Different Personalities, Food for Self-reflection==
| + | Especially interpreting information from a model or inventory can in so far misleading, since feelings, or behavior vary from situation to situation, and facilitators experience learners usually in one context or role. Last but not least, one can ask whether the use of clinical psychology inventories suit your purposes in a general way. |
| − | With these ways of organizing our thoughts about people’s personalities, we can also focus on people’s behavior in teams and understanding and influencing the group dynamics.<ref name=MEN>N. Zimmermann: [https://civilresilience.net/de/mentoring-handbook/ Mentoring Handbook - Providing Systemic Support for Mentees and Their Projects]; Berlin 2012; MitOst; ISBN 978-3-944012-00-1</ref> Furthermore, we might provide learners data for self-reflection.
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| − | However, in interpreting information from a moel or even an inventory, you should also be aware that feelings, predictions, and behavior vary from situation to situation. Individuals perform differently in different contexts. Last but not least, one can ask whether the use of clinical psychology inventories suit your purposes in a general way.
| + | On the other hand, knowledge about personalities helps to increase social and personal competence in educators and learners. Sensitivity for individual features or competences is condition for competence-based education and group facilitation. Models or tests can provide learners also data for self-reflection. |
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| − | ==Application in Human Resources==
| + | Because personal data are involved, and the conclusions as well as the consequences can be far-reaching, one must use such instruments with caution. Of course, this includes respect for the individuals, that their rights are not compromised, their consent, and clarity about what will be done with this information and data. |
| − | Personality inventories are also used to profile applicants in businesses or participants in management trainings. But this is also where the problem of these tests’ lack of scientific reliability should be considered.
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| | <div class=left-box> | | <div class=left-box> |
| − | ===Impact of applied behavioral psychology: Digital Transformation=== | + | ===Digital Transformation=== |
| | + | ====Key role of applied behavioral psychology ==== |
| | Modelling personality styles is in particular interesting in the data industry today. It is used there for the creation of psychometric profiles, for example for targeted advertising or the individualisation of user experience. Especially the [[NEO Personality Inventory]] (also known as Five Factor or as OCEAN model) is playing here an important role. | | Modelling personality styles is in particular interesting in the data industry today. It is used there for the creation of psychometric profiles, for example for targeted advertising or the individualisation of user experience. Especially the [[NEO Personality Inventory]] (also known as Five Factor or as OCEAN model) is playing here an important role. |
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| | Especially Zuboff argues, it ''"unilaterally claims human experience as free raw material for translation into behavioural data"'' <ref name="Zuboff 2019">Zuboff, S. (2018). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. Profile Books, London 2019, page 8</ref>. Such, the collected data only partly would serve the specific purpose of a service offered. By far the largest part, the "proprietary behavioral surplus", would serve as (company-owned, therefore "proprietary") raw material for the actual purpose of predicting and controlling behavior as a citizen, user, consumer or employee. | | Especially Zuboff argues, it ''"unilaterally claims human experience as free raw material for translation into behavioural data"'' <ref name="Zuboff 2019">Zuboff, S. (2018). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. Profile Books, London 2019, page 8</ref>. Such, the collected data only partly would serve the specific purpose of a service offered. By far the largest part, the "proprietary behavioral surplus", would serve as (company-owned, therefore "proprietary") raw material for the actual purpose of predicting and controlling behavior as a citizen, user, consumer or employee. |
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| | + | ====What purpose do the models serve?==== |
| | + | In this sense, especially for Education for Democratic Citizenship/Human Rights Education the question arises, for what purpose models of personalities are applied - and for what aim they are constructed. |
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| | + | ====Digital Learner Assessment==== |
| | + | Because we can expect further datification of learning processes in the next few years, the immediate question is also which personality models we will use as the basis of evaluation and measurement, how realiable, fair and unbiased these or the algorithms using them are, how we can control them and, if necessary, competently correct their results. |
| | </div> | | </div> |
| | <hr class=boldline> | | <hr class=boldline> |
| − | ==Critical Reflection of Personality Style Models==
| |
| − | In this sense, especially for Education for Democratic Citizenship/Human Rights Education the question arises, for what purpose models of personalities are applied - and for what aim they are constructed.
| |
| | | | |
| − | Because we can expect further Datification of learning processes in the next few years, the immediate question is also which personality models we will use as the basis of evaluation and measurement, how much bias these or the algorithms using them contain, and how we can understand them and, if necessary, competently correct their results.
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| − | <hr class=boldline>
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| | <noinclude>{{:Block: Author Nils-Eyk Zimmermann}}</noinclude> | | <noinclude>{{:Block: Author Nils-Eyk Zimmermann}}</noinclude> |
| | <hr class=boldline> | | <hr class=boldline> |
The ways we behave are products of our experiences and our histories. When we meet other people, we should be aware that personalities are complex and can have strong influences on our relationships. Reflection allows us to understand more clearly why we behave the way we do. It also gives us a chance to broaden our personal repertoires of behavior.
Individual Characteristics
All characteristics form a specific individual profile. They include a lot of different aspects. Which of these keywords and aspects characterize you best?
Way of Thinking
Intuition, analysis, openendedness, outcome orientation, structure, feeling, discipline, inspiration, logic, non-conformism...
Acting and Deciding
Process-orientation, decision, feeling, action, thought, judgment, perception, holism, pragmatism, team player, leader, compromise, straightforwardness, trial, plan...
Attitude towards People and Groups
Introversion, extroversion, conversation, reservation, inner thoughts, group activity, individual space, loudness, tranquility, trust, altruism, anxiety, excitement,
team, lead, support,...
Sensual Perception
Detail-orientation, the big picture, look, touch, hear, read, perception of diagrams, texts, pictures, sound, smell...
Personality indicators, tests or models pretend to assess features or styles of a person in order to apply this knowledge for different purposes at a later stage. They build a model of key features/characteristics, assess these at concrete persons, and attach the identified characteristics a value. Such, they "translate" a personality into a data model.
- The "Big Five", "OCEAN" or NEO Personality Inventory is another popular example of such a test, widely applied in the digital transformation.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
How it works: Example MBTI
The Myers Briggs Type Indicator MBTI is still one of the most popular personality instruments in use which allows us to describe this more concretely: The MBTI test measures answers to a standardised questionaire regarding four opposing qualities. Extraversion (e)-Intraversion (i), Sensing (s) - Intuition (n), Thinking (t)-Feeling(f), Judging (j)-Perceiving (p).
Simplified explained: Alina may be profiled as INFP, which stands for introversion, intuition, feeling, perception Every quality is represented by a letter. She seems to be an introverted intuitive team player who wants to involve everyone and prefers to take time making decisions rather than acting quickly.
Jon may be type ESTJ, which stands for extraversion, sensing, thinking, judgment. When he feels sad, he calls his best friends and meets up with them. It is easy for him to find logical solutions to nearly every problematic situation. But when stuck in team discussions, he becomes annoyed and impatient easily.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
How Personality Models are Used:
One might draw different conclusions out of data generated by personality tests.
- Gain information relevant for personal development or for therapy
- Learn how different types and attitudes favor tension or harmony in a team or group
- Distribute personalised content (personalised learning, online media or targeted advertisement)
- Job application: (more and more automated) categorizing of job applicants in order to preselect those, fitting best to a job profile. In opposite: In order to build a resilient team one could search for diversity
- Performance assessment and tailored work on specific competence dimensions (i. e. in leadership trainings)
- ...
Implications
Educators need to understand that these models are only indicators. Although several tests are based on experience with many people and make general statements that summarize statistical probabilities, they are simplified descriptions. They often lack precision or are ambiguous. [1]
Especially interpreting information from a model or inventory can in so far misleading, since feelings, or behavior vary from situation to situation, and facilitators experience learners usually in one context or role. Last but not least, one can ask whether the use of clinical psychology inventories suit your purposes in a general way.
On the other hand, knowledge about personalities helps to increase social and personal competence in educators and learners. Sensitivity for individual features or competences is condition for competence-based education and group facilitation. Models or tests can provide learners also data for self-reflection.
Because personal data are involved, and the conclusions as well as the consequences can be far-reaching, one must use such instruments with caution. Of course, this includes respect for the individuals, that their rights are not compromised, their consent, and clarity about what will be done with this information and data.
Digital Transformation
Key role of applied behavioral psychology
Modelling personality styles is in particular interesting in the data industry today. It is used there for the creation of psychometric profiles, for example for targeted advertising or the individualisation of user experience. Especially the NEO Personality Inventory (also known as Five Factor or as OCEAN model) is playing here an important role.
Researchers like Shoshana Zuboff criticize how psychometric models are constructed and applied - how personality models are used by tech companies in order to understand users better or to sell their data. Especially in the appropriation of personal data in combination with algorithmic processing they see the core of a "surveillance capitalism":
"It is a ubiquitous networked institutional regime that records, modifies, and commodifies everyday experience from toasters to bodies, communication to thought, all with a view to establishing new pathways to monetization and profit." [2].
Especially Zuboff argues, it "unilaterally claims human experience as free raw material for translation into behavioural data" [3]. Such, the collected data only partly would serve the specific purpose of a service offered. By far the largest part, the "proprietary behavioral surplus", would serve as (company-owned, therefore "proprietary") raw material for the actual purpose of predicting and controlling behavior as a citizen, user, consumer or employee.
What purpose do the models serve?
In this sense, especially for Education for Democratic Citizenship/Human Rights Education the question arises, for what purpose models of personalities are applied - and for what aim they are constructed.
Digital Learner Assessment
Because we can expect further datification of learning processes in the next few years, the immediate question is also which personality models we will use as the basis of evaluation and measurement, how realiable, fair and unbiased these or the algorithms using them are, how we can control them and, if necessary, competently correct their results.
References
- ↑ Franc Coffield, David Moseley, Elaine Hall, Kathryn Ecclestone: Learning and pedagogy in post 16 learning. A systematical and critical review. Learning and Skills Research Centre, London 2004
- ↑ Zuboff, S. (2015). Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization (April 4, 2015). Journal of Information Technology (2015) 30, 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2015 (page 81)
- ↑ Zuboff, S. (2018). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. Profile Books, London 2019, page 8
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